In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, US, European, Japanese and Korean car companies all exited Russia, leaving behind some heavily invested-in car assembly factories. Hyundai left behind a factory capable of making 300,000 units per year, while Volkswagen left a factory in Kaluga which could make 150,000 units a year. Renault sold its majority stake in AvtoVAZ to a local firm for a nominal Rouble 1. Technically Renault has the option to buy the stake back, but it is difficult to imagine a world in which this could occur.